Introduction to Joshua

The time has come!

After centuries of promise, the children of Israel are about to take hold of their inheritance that God has sworn to them, the land of Israel. "Take possession of the land the Lord your God is giving you for your own. (Joshua 1:11). It is God's to give - it is ours to possess.

This is the first of the History books of the Old Testament, having now finished the Pentateuch, the first five books of Moses. It was named after its main character, Joshua, whose name means "The Lord saves" - the Hebrew version of the name "Jesus". He is the primary if not the sole author of the book that bears his name. Its events take place around 1405 BC.

We see God faithfully fulfilling His promises when His people obey Him in obedience. God makes sure we are keeping our part of our covenant with Him. When we don't, embarassing defeats can happen to us, such as those that happened at Ai. On the other hand, otherwise impossible situations can be overcome, as in Jericho.

Conquering the land meant entering into God's rests, as the people did when they conquered Canaan. May God grant you His rest as, with His help and leadership, you faithfully obey Him!

Introduction to Deuteronomy

The title of Deuteronomy is derived from the Septuagint – the translation of the Old Testament made some two hundred years before Christ. The Greek word used means “the second law”. This is somewhat of a misnomer, for it is not a second law, but the same covenantal instructions revealed at Sinai to a second generation of Israelites. According to the claims of both the Old and New Testament, it was written by Moses himself, with the probably exception of the section describing Moses’ death.

Deuteronomy contains three addresses by Moses to the Israelites poised to enter the Promised Land of Canaan after 40 years tin the desert. Since Moses would not be going in with them, he wanted them to be prepared to live in their inheritance. The orations and songs found in Deuteronomy constitute his farewell to the children of Israel; the entire book of Deuteronomy covers only about two months, including the thirty days of mourning after Moses’ death.

Moses himself stood on the divide between his earthly and heavenly life as he gave what amounts to his last will and testimony, urging the Israelites to reflect upon their past history with God: his deliverance from Egypt, his faithfulness to bless them and his holiness to judge their disobedience.

Throughout his messages, Moses emphasizes the covenant that the Israelites have with God. Obeying the covenant would bring great blessing; rebelling against it would bring certain cursing. In fact, Deuteronomy as a whole reflects the pattern of an ancient Middle Eastern covenant treaty made between a powerful Lord (sometimes called a “Suzerain”) and a lesser servant (sometimes called a “vassal”). The typical pattern of a Suzerain-Vassal Treaty with its corresponding sections in Deuteronomy is as follows:

1. A Preamble or Introduction (1:1-5)

2. A review of the past relationship between the parties (1:6-4:49)

3. Basic stipulations that ensured fidelity to the treaty (5:1-26:19)

4. Sanctions in the form of blessings and curses (27:1-30:20)

5. Witness to the treaty (32:1)

6. A provision for the storage and reading of the treaty (31:1-34:12)

Incidentally, this is evidence for Deuteronomy being of a very early date, as this form of covenant treaty fits with the form of treaties used during Moses' era, but not of later eras.

Just as the Israelites desperately needed God to deliver them from the bondage of Egypt, and to preserve them in the desert, they would likewise never be able to take their inheritance without the power of their covenant-keeping God. They would have to cross the Jordan River and conquer walled cities and hostile inhabitants. Without God’s direction and power, their task would be impossible.

In Moses’ first address (Deut. 1-4), he looks back over the history of Israel: their unbelief as well as the victories God wrought on their behalf, with a concluding appeal for them to walk in obedience. The sober fact was that only Joshua and Caleb remained of the generation that came out of Egypt: all the rest were dead because of their unbelief.

In his second address (Deut. 5-26), Moses looks up to God and lays out the Israelites responsibility as God’s special covenantal people – they were to represent Him and His ways in the earth. They are to obey Him in things great and small.

In his third address (Deut. 27-33), Moses looks out to warn the Israelites of the consequences of disobedience:

“I call heaven and earth as witnesses today against you, that I have set before you life and death, blessings and cursing; therefore choose life, that both you and your descendents may live, that you may love the LORD your God, that you may obey His voice, and that you may cling to Him, for He is your life and the length of your days” (Deut. 30:19, 20).

Moses exhorted the Israelites to be faithful to the covenant and receive God’s intended blessings and instructed the Israelites to renew their covenant once they entered the Promised Land in a special ceremony upon two mountains. The Levites were to recite on the barren peak of Mount Ebal the curses awaiting disobedience to God’s law, and on the lush slopes of Mount Gerizim the wonderful blessings ensured to those obeying God’s law.

Finally, this grand old man of God, now one hundred and twenty years old, departed from the stage of history. He sang a song for Israel (Deut. 32), climbed Mount Nebo, viewed the Promised Land, and died on the edge of the land he had labored to bring the Israelites to. There God buried him; where, no one knows.

Yet hundreds of years later, Moses’ feet finally did rest on Israel’s soil.

Deuteronomy was one of Jesus’ favorite Bible books; Jesus often quoted from it and used it to fend off the temptations of the devil in the wilderness (Matthew 4). And He appeared in glory with its author on the slopes of Mount Hermon north of the Sea of Galilee (Matthew 17:1-3).

By God’s grace, Moses had finally entered the Promised Land.

Introduction to Numbers

Note: I am indebted for much of this background to a wonderful companion book, “What the Bible is All About” by Henrietta Mears. I recommend it to all!

This book might be called “The Wilderness Wandering”, as it chronicles the travels of the newly freed nation of Israel for about forty years. As Pastor Ron Lewis recently preached at KPIC, the wilderness has a way of revealing impurities and bad attitudes lurking deep within our hearts. Much of this wandering was unnecessary, brought about by the complaining and unbelief of Israel. As 1 Corinthians 10 reminds us, these things “were written for our instruction”, so we must use these records to warn us against similar sins and encourage us to trust God and His Word.

The books opens with the children of Israel in the wilderness of Sinai. The Law was given, the Tabernacle built, and the priests assigned their duties. God is a God of order, and we see God numbering and arranging the tribes and addressing duties of the priests and Levites in the first few chapters. Though these chapters may not seem as exciting to us to read as some of the narrative passages, yet in our Christian life often the details of ordering our lives and worship are not exciting but bear great fruit. From the details given in Numbers we can appreciate the wonder of God’s provision for His people: a camp with a circumference of about 12 miles, populated by 3,000,000 people, covered by a cloud by day to give them shade and a fire by night to give them light and heat, whose clothes and sandals did not wear out for 40 years, provided with food and water in the midst of an inhospitable desert. The explanation? God was in their midst!

The Israelites had no itinerary, but had to trust God to lead them step by step, much as we must follow the guidance of God in our lives one leading at a time. Their walk was marred by sin: grumbling about the food God provided, jealousy among the leadership. As they camped at Kadesh, they sent out 12 spies to report on the land they were promised. But when 10 of the spies gave a discouraging report, the people refused to take the land in unbelief, even though they were only about 11 days away from entering the Promised Land! For their fear and unbelief, that first generation was doomed to wander in the desert until they all had died; the second generation would enter the land, and the wilderness wandering would be their training. Often fear keeps us from enjoying all that God wants us to have: fear of what others will say, fear of what will happen if we put our trust completely in God.

The Israelites’ complaining and unbelief even induced Moses to stumble and sin with his mouth; this sin cost him the privilege of entering into the Promised Land. On their way to Canaan, the Israelites complained yet again, this time about the miraculous manna that God provided for them to eat. For this God sent poisonous snakes among them. Moses prayed for them, and God instructed Moses to make a bronze snake and fasten it to a pole. If anyone bitten by snakes looked on the bronze serpent, they would be healed. In the New Testament, this event is shown to be symbolic of Christ: the whole human family has felt the Serpent’s sting of death (1 Cor. 15:56; Heb. 2:14-15); the only way we can survive is by looking upon Christ who took upon himself the likeness of sinful human flesh (Phil 2:7-8). When we look upon Him in faith, we live (John 3:14-15).

Introduction to Leviticus

Details are important to God!

There is a saying “The devil is in the details”, but often God is in the details! We have just finished reading lengthy portions in the book of Exodus describing God’ detailed instructions about how to build the Tabernacle and how the priesthood was to carry on the service in the Tabernacle. Over and over again Scripture records that Moses did as God instructed him in minute detail. His obedience was rewarded when the glory of the Lord filled the Tabernacle! We are called to be obedient and holy in many seemingly small details of life; yet God sees and rewards - details are important to God!

As we start Leviticus, God is continuing His detailed instructions about how He should be worshiped. Though many people get bogged down in reading through the Bible in the book of Leviticus, it is actually a rich description of the various ways we approach God and fellowship with him through worship. In Genesis we see humanity ruined. In Exodus, humanity redeemed. In Leviticus, humanity worshiping. In Leviticus, holiness is emphasized as an indispensable part of our total worship to God.

Leviticus takes its name from the tribe of Levi, the tribe that God chose to service the Tabernacle and to supply priests for Israel. It is one of the five books of Moses, and its authorship is attributed to him. Its purpose was to show the Israelites how they could live in ritual and moral purity so that God could live among them and they could approach Him in worship.

One of the most important questions in life is “How may an unholy people approach a holy God?” In Leviticus we see God making gracious provision for His people to approach Him in worship. The way to God is by sacrifice and the walk with God is by separation. As Christians, we see that the sacrifices all point to the perfect sacrifice of Christ, “the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world” (John 1:29). There can be no fellowship between God and the sinner until sin has been dealt with; the only way is sacrifice (Hebrews 9:22).

Five offerings are described in Leviticus. They all in some way typify dimensions of the sacrifice of Christ:

1. Burnt Offering (Lev. 1): This is a total sacrifice where everything offered is totally consumed. Christ offered Himself unreservedly to God as a perfect sacrifice to God on our behalf. This comes first because no one begins with God until all has been yielded to Him. As the old hymn says, “Take my life and let it be consecrated, Lord, to Thee”. This is a voluntary offering.

2. The Grain Offering (Lev. 2): This is the sacrifice of daily devotion to God. Ass the burnt sacrifice typifies Christ in His death, so the grain offering typifies Christ in His life – we can feed on His life every day. Once we have committed all to God, we live daily for Him. Flour is the stuff “our daily bread” is made of, and we are to serve God every day with dedication. This, too, is a voluntary offering. This offering could be eaten, but only by the priest, not the worshiper. Much of our service is for the benefit of others, not ourselves.

3. Fellowship Offering (Lev. 3): In this sacrifice the Israelites would thank God for all of his blessings, beginning with salvation. Some of this sacrifice would be shared with the officiating priest and his family. The remainder of the sacrifice would be eaten by the worshiper with his family and friends, giving thanks to God. This offering depicts our fellowship with God and with one another because Christ our sacrifice is our peace (Ephesians 2:14) who has reconciled all things to Himself “by making peace through his blood, shed on the cross” (Col. 1:20).

4. The Sin Offering (Lev. 4-5): This shows us Christ on the cross in the sinner’s place. In the other offerings the offerer comes as a worshiper, but here as a convicted sinner. All the other sacrifices actually depend on this one – our sin must be removed before we can approach God.

5. The Guilt Offering (Lev. 5-6): While the sin offering atones for the state of sinfulness, the guilt offering is for specific acts of sin, intentional or unintentional, against God or man. Christ has taken care of these sins as well, but we must consciously admit our transgressions and avail ourselves of Christ’s sacrifice to make things right. The blood of the guilt offering cleanses the conscience and sends the trespasser back to the one he or she has wronged, not only with the principal but with the fifth part added. Part of our worship to God includes making things right when we have wronged others.

What a wonderful, multi-faceted blessing the sacrifice of Christ is for us! Leviticus gives us a wonderful, symbolic picture of how we can get right and stay right with our holy God in genuine worship.

Introduction to Exodus

Exodus is the second of the first five books of the Bible, sometimes called the Pentateuch (from the Greek word for "five), or called "Torah" in the Hebrew Scriptures. Though sometimes translated "The Law", Torah actually means "teaching". Central to the Torah is the idea of covenant, the most binding type of agreement between two parties. One of the astounding aspects of the Torah is that it relates how Eternal, Perfect Almighty God, Creator of the Universe, enters into covenant with part of his creation: mortal, fallible, sinful men. These covenants have 3 parts:

(1) A statement about God's saving acts - what He brings to the covenant;
(2) A statement about what God expects from humanity in response
(3) a sign or symbol as a reminder of the covenant

Much of the Torah is a record of God's covenant with man. In Genesis God covenants with Adam and Eve, with Noah, and Abraham. The Abrahamic covenant includes the promise that God would make of Abraham and his descendants "a mighty nation" in whom "all the families of the earth shall be blessed" (Genesis 12:1-3).

Exodus is a continuation of the story of God working out his covenant started in Genesis. The book of Genesis is a family history, while the book of Exodus is a national history. True to His Word, the family God has covenanted with in Genesis becomes a nation in Exodus. But while the closing chapters of Genesis show God's people enjoying great favor with the Egyptians, Exodus shows the Israelites in cruel bondage to the Egyptians. God raises up the very special figure of Moses, the author of Exodus, to deliver them through mighty acts of God to release the Israelites from the mighty power of Pharaoh.

Exodus means "the way out", and God leads His people out of Egypt and into the desert on their way to the Promised Land. During their journey God enters into the national covenant of Mount Sinai, and gives them the moral law of the covenant, including the summary of those obligations in the Ten Commandments. He also establishes the ceremonial law, how sinful man can approach a Holy God through the sacrificial system God ordained. The description of the tabernacle in Exodus is rich with the symbolism of how a sinful people can be righteously forgiven and worship a holy God, and foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice of Christ to bring us into the very Holy of Holies, the presence of God Himself.

As you read, may you be blessed with a fresh revelation of our covenant God, his mighty redeeming power, His breathtaking holiness, and His mercy and grace in making a way for our sins to be covered so that we may fellowship with Him.

Introduction to Job

It may seem strange to suddenly change to the book of Job after the first 11 chapters of Genesis. The reason for this is that numerous clues in the book of Job indicate a setting during the patriarchal period for its events. For example, Job's wealth is measured in livestock (1:3; 42:12) much as Abraham and Jacob's is. Job also offers sacrifices to God without a priesthood or a sanctuary, much as the patriarchs did. Given this, Job may be one of the oldest, if not the oldest, book in the Bible, and perhaps one of the most ancient pieces of finished literature in history.

Job occurs in the land of Uz, but we don't know where that was. He was among "the people of the East", leading most writers to conclude that Uz was located near Edom, east of the Jordan River. We will hopefully get some maps up soon to make this more graphic.

While Genesis is among the historical books of the Bible, Job belongs to the poetical books of the Bible, such as Psalms, Proverbs, and the like, and it is a magnificent poem. The famous English poet Tennyson called it "the greatest poem, whether of ancient or of modern literature".

This ancient poem deals with one of man's most ancient problems: Why do godly people suffer? Perhaps you've asked this question yourself. This is the theme of the book of Job, and one we'll be pondering as we read this wonderful work. May you be blessed as you read!

Introduction to Genesis

The word "Genesis" means "beginnings", and the book of Genesis is just that. It relates:

• the beginning of Creation
• the beginning of Life
• the beginning of Man
• the beginning of Sin
• the beginning of Redemption

Its author was Moses, writing around the time of the Exodus, approximately 1450 BC.

Genesis is the overture to the rest of Scripture, foreshadowing the dramatic events to follow and introducing all of the themes to be further developed.

Genesis is the foundation of all further biblical revelation. Everything that comes after rests upon it. To understand the Bible, one must understand Genesis.